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Conjugation of être, subject pronouns, à/de/chez, basic dialogue patterns.
When to use tu vs vous, on = nous in spoken French, gender agreement with ils/elles.
Forming feminine and plural adjectives, color adjectives, irregular forms.
Ne...pas, four ways to ask questions, responses: oui/non/si, moi aussi/moi non plus.
Masculine/feminine of nouns for people and things, definite vs indefinite articles, élision, liaison.
C'est for identification, il/elle est for description, profession without article.
Mon/ma/mes through leur/leurs, plus possessive pronouns le mien/la mienne/les miens…
Demonstrative adjectives (ce/cette/ces/cet) and pronouns (celui-ci/celle-là/ceux/celles).
Conjugation of -er verbs, pronunciation rules, spelling changes, j'arrive/j'habite.
Adjective vs adverb, bon/bien, rapide/vite, très vs beaucoup, adverbs in -ment.
Partitive articles (du/de la/de l'/des), quantités exprimées, négation de la quantité.
All types of -ir/-re/-oir verbs including dormir, partir, mettre, écrire, pouvoir, vouloir…
Modal verbs: capacity/permission (pouvoir), obligation/probability (devoir), necessity (falloir).
Le/la/les replace direct objects; me/te/nous/vous; negation placement; elision.
Indirect object pronouns lui/leur, order of double pronouns, y and en.
Formation of imperative for tu/nous/vous, irregular forms, pronouns with imperative.
Conditional for polite requests (voudrais/pourriez), advice (devriez), desires (aimerais).
Simple relative pronouns qui/que/où, plus dont, la mise en relief, relatifs composés.
Advanced negation: ne...jamais, ne...plus, ne...rien, ne...personne, ne...aucun, ni...ni.
14 movement/state change verbs use être; agreement of past participle with subject.
Formation of imparfait, usage for past habits/descriptions, imparfait vs passé composé.
Future simple formation, irregular stems, futur simple vs futur proche, quand + futur.
Conditional for imagination, unconfirmed information, regrets; conditionnel passé formation.
Si + présent → futur; si + imparfait → conditionnel; si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passé.
Formation (ils-stem + endings), il faut que, verbs of desire/emotion/doubt, irregular subjunctives.
Parce que/comme/puisque (cause), donc/alors (conséquence), pour que/afin que (but), bien que (opposition).
Family vocabulary (parenté, belle-famille), gens vs personnes, tout le monde.
Il y a signals existence in a place; c'est/ce sont identify what was just mentioned.
À + cities; en/au/aux + countries and continents; country genders; origin with de/du/des.
Conjugation of avoir; l'âge (avoir + ans); avoir faim/froid/peur/mal; avoir les yeux bleus.
Rules for adjective placement, bel/vieil/nouvel before vowels, des → de before adjective.
Cardinal numbers 0–1 billion, spelling rules, pronunciation, ordinal numbers.
Saying dates (nous sommes le…), days/months/seasons, telling time (il est…), weather.
Indefinite adjectives (quelques/plusieurs/chaque/tout) and pronouns (quelqu'un/quelque chose/quelque part).
Since/for ongoing (depuis), planned duration (pour), completed duration (pendant), time taken (en).
EN replaces de + noun; partitive quantities; with expressions of quantity; negation.
EN/dans le/dans les for regions; DE/DU for geographic origin; products and their origin.
Conjugation of aller, aller + lieu, transport prepositions (en voiture/à pied), aller voir vs visiter.
Y replaces place complements (à + lieu); Y replaces à + thing; fixed expressions with y.
À (point), de…à (range), jusqu'à (limit), à partir de (start), vers/environ (approximation), entre/parmi.
Stressed pronouns after prepositions, after c'est, with aussi/non plus, to emphasize subject.
Information questions with inversion; qui/que/quoi as interrogative pronouns; quel/lequel; exclamation.
Reporting statements (que), yes/no questions (si), information questions, imperatives (de + inf).
Verbs followed by à + infinitive (commencer à), verbs followed by de + infinitive (arrêter de), no preposition.
Aller vs venir (direction); retourner/revenir; rentrer; aller voir vs visiter; verbs of movement + infinitive.
Formation (aller présent + infinitif), immediate/planned future, negation, expressions de temps.
Il y a (past moment), dans (future moment), depuis (ongoing), pour/pendant/en; chronology tables.
Recent past (venir de), ongoing action (être en train de), imminent action (être sur le point de).
Future perfect formation; action preceding another future action; résumé of all indicative tenses.
Use definite articles for specific nouns, categories, abstract concepts, and contractions au/du.
Un/une/des for unspecified nouns; du/de la/de l' for uncountable quantities.
Adjectives agree in gender and number; BANGS adjectives go before the noun.
Plus/moins/aussi…que for comparisons; le/la plus/moins for superlatives; meilleur/mieux.
Complete conjugation of -er/-ir/-re verbs plus all essential irregular verbs.
Formation with avoir + past participle; irregular participles; agreement with preceding COD.
Ne...pas, ne...plus, ne...jamais, ne...rien, ne...personne, ne...que, ne...ni...ni.
Three ways to ask yes/no questions; all question words; qui/que as interrogative pronouns.
Core uses of à/de, en vs dans, countries/cities, depuis/pendant, sur/sous.
Se lever, se coucher, s'appeler — reflexive pronouns, passé composé with être, agreement.
The 'past of the past': action before another past action. Formation and si-clause usage.
Formation, simultaneous actions (while doing), means (by doing), condition (if doing).
Être + past participle, par/de agent, passive in all tenses, French alternatives to passive.
Tense backshift in reported speech, pronoun changes, time expression shifts, reporting questions.